# invfreqs

Identify continuous-time filter parameters from frequency response data

## Syntax

```[b,a] = invfreqs(h,w,n,m) [b,a] = invfreqs(h,w,n,m,wt) [b,a] = invfreqs(h,w,n,m,wt,iter) [b,a] = invfreqs(h,w,n,m,wt,iter,tol) [b,a] = invfreqs(h,w,n,m,wt,iter,tol,'trace') [b,a] = invfreqs(h,w,'complex',n,m,...) ```

## Description

`invfreqs` is the inverse operation of `freqs`. It finds a continuous-time transfer function that corresponds to a given complex frequency response. From a laboratory analysis standpoint, `invfreqs` is useful in converting magnitude and phase data into transfer functions.

`[b,a] = invfreqs(h,w,n,m)` returns the real numerator and denominator coefficient vectors `b` and `a` of the transfer function

`$H\left(s\right)=\frac{B\left(s\right)}{A\left(s\right)}=\frac{b\left(1\right){s}^{n}+b\left(2\right){s}^{n-1}+\cdots +b\left(n+1\right)}{a\left(1\right){s}^{m}+a\left(2\right){s}^{m-1}+\cdots +a\left(m+1\right)}$`

whose complex frequency response is given in vector `h` at the frequency points specified in vector `w`. Scalars `n` and `m `specify the desired orders of the numerator and denominator polynomials.

The length of `h` must be the same as the length of `w`. `invfreqs` uses `conj(h)` at `-w` to ensure the proper frequency domain symmetry for a real filter.

`[b,a] = invfreqs(h,w,n,m,wt)` weights the fit-errors versus frequency, where `wt` is a vector of weighting factors the same length as `w`.

`[b,a] = invfreqs(h,w,n,m,wt,iter)` and

`[b,a] = invfreqs(h,w,n,m,wt,iter,tol)` provide a superior algorithm that guarantees stability of the resulting linear system and searches for the best fit using a numerical, iterative scheme. The `iter` parameter tells `invfreqs` to end the iteration when the solution has converged, or after `iter` iterations, whichever comes first. `invfreqs` defines convergence as occurring when the norm of the (modified) gradient vector is less than `tol`, where `tol` is an optional parameter that defaults to 0.01. To obtain a weight vector of all ones, use

```invfreqs(h,w,n,m,[],iter,tol) ```

`[b,a] = invfreqs(h,w,n,m,wt,iter,tol,'trace')` displays a textual progress report of the iteration.

`[b,a] = invfreqs(h,w,'complex',n,m,...)` creates a complex filter. In this case no symmetry is enforced, and the frequency is specified in radians between –π and π.

## Examples

collapse all

Convert a simple transfer function to frequency-response data and then back to the original filter coefficients.

```a = [1 2 3 2 1 4]; b = [1 2 3 2 3]; [h,w] = freqs(b,a,64); [bb,aa] = invfreqs(h,w,4,5)```
```bb = 1×5 1.0000 2.0000 3.0000 2.0000 3.0000 ```
```aa = 1×6 1.0000 2.0000 3.0000 2.0000 1.0000 4.0000 ```

`bb` and `aa` are equivalent to `b` and `a`, respectively. However, the system is unstable because `aa` has poles with positive real part. View the poles of `bb` and `aa`.

`zplane(bb,aa)`

Use the iterative algorithm of `invfreqs` to find a stable approximation to the system.

`[bbb,aaa] = invfreqs(h,w,4,5,[],30)`
```bbb = 1×5 0.6816 2.1015 2.6694 0.9113 -0.1218 ```
```aaa = 1×6 1.0000 3.4676 7.4060 6.2102 2.5413 0.0001 ```

Verify that the system is stable by plotting the new poles.

`zplane(bbb,aaa)`

Generate two vectors, `mag` and `phase`, that simulate magnitude and phase data gathered in a laboratory. Also generate a vector, `w`, of frequencies.

```rng('default') fs = 1000; t = 0:1/fs:2; mag = periodogram(sin(2*pi*100*t)+randn(size(t))/10,[],[],fs); phase = randn(size(mag))/10; w = linspace(0,fs/2,length(mag))';```

Use `invfreqs` to convert the data into a continuous-time transfer function. Plot the result.

```[b,a] = invfreqs(mag.*exp(1j*phase),w,2,2,[],4); freqs(b,a)```

## Tips

When building higher order models using high frequencies, it is important to scale the frequencies, dividing by a factor such as half the highest frequency present in `w`, so as to obtain well conditioned values of `a` and `b`. This corresponds to a rescaling of time.

## Algorithms

By default, `invfreqs` uses an equation error method to identify the best model from the data. This finds `b` and `a` in

`$\underset{b,a}{\mathrm{min}}\sum _{k=1}^{n}wt\left(k\right){|h\left(k\right)A\left(w\left(k\right)\right)-B\left(w\left(k\right)\right)|}^{2}$`

by creating a system of linear equations and solving them with the MATLAB® `\` operator. Here A(w(k)) and B(w(k)) are the Fourier transforms of the polynomials `a` and `b`, respectively, at the frequency w(k), and n is the number of frequency points (the length of `h` and `w`). This algorithm is based on Levi [1]. Several variants have been suggested in the literature, where the weighting function `wt` gives less attention to high frequencies.

The superior (“output-error”) algorithm uses the damped Gauss-Newton method for iterative search [2], with the output of the first algorithm as the initial estimate. This solves the direct problem of minimizing the weighted sum of the squared error between the actual and the desired frequency response points.

`$\underset{b,a}{\mathrm{min}}\sum _{k=1}^{n}wt\left(k\right){|h\left(k\right)-\frac{B\left(w\left(k\right)\right)}{A\left(w\left(k\right)\right)}|}^{2}$`

## References

[1] Levi, E. C. “Complex-Curve Fitting.” IRE Trans. on Automatic Control. Vol. AC-4, 1959, pp. 37–44.

[2] Dennis, J. E., Jr., and R. B. Schnabel. Numerical Methods for Unconstrained Optimization and Nonlinear Equations.Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1983.