genrfeatures
Syntax
Description
The genrfeatures
function enables you to automate the feature
engineering process in the context of a machine learning workflow. Before passing tabular
training data to a regression model, you can create new features from the predictors in the
data by using genrfeatures
. Use the returned data to train the regression
model.
genrfeatures
allows you to generate features from variables with data
types—such as datetime
, duration
, and various
int
types—that are not supported by most regression model training
functions. The resulting features have data types that are supported by these training
functions.
To better understand the generated features, use the describe
function
of the returned FeatureTransformer
object. To apply the same training set feature transformations to a test set, use the
transform
function
of the FeatureTransformer
object.
[
uses automated feature engineering to create Transformer
,NewTbl
] = genrfeatures(Tbl
,ResponseVarName
,q
)q
features from the
predictors in Tbl
. The software assumes that the
ResponseVarName
variable in Tbl
is the response
and does not create new features from this variable. genrfeatures
returns a FeatureTransformer
object (Transformer
) and
a new table (NewTbl
) that contains the transformed features.
By default, genrfeatures
assumes that generated features are used
to train an interpretable linear regression model. If you want to generate features to
improve the accuracy of a bagged ensemble, specify
TargetLearner="bag"
.
[
assumes that the vector Transformer
,NewTbl
] = genrfeatures(Tbl
,Y
,q
)Y
is the response variable and creates new
features from the variables in Tbl
.
[
uses the explanatory model Transformer
,NewTbl
] = genrfeatures(Tbl
,formula
,q
)formula
to determine the response variable
in Tbl
and the subset of Tbl
predictors from which
to create new features.
[
specifies options using one or more name-value arguments in addition to any of the input
argument combinations in previous syntaxes. For example, you can change the expected learner
type, the method for selecting new features, and the standardization method for transformed
data.Transformer
,NewTbl
] = genrfeatures(___,Name=Value
)
Examples
Interpret Linear Model with Generated Features
Use automated feature engineering to generate new features. Train a linear regression model using the generated features. Interpret the relationship between the generated features and the trained model.
Load the patients
data set. Create a table from a subset of the variables. Display the first few rows of the table.
load patients Tbl = table(Age,Diastolic,Gender,Height,SelfAssessedHealthStatus, ... Smoker,Weight,Systolic); head(Tbl)
Age Diastolic Gender Height SelfAssessedHealthStatus Smoker Weight Systolic ___ _________ __________ ______ ________________________ ______ ______ ________ 38 93 {'Male' } 71 {'Excellent'} true 176 124 43 77 {'Male' } 69 {'Fair' } false 163 109 38 83 {'Female'} 64 {'Good' } false 131 125 40 75 {'Female'} 67 {'Fair' } false 133 117 49 80 {'Female'} 64 {'Good' } false 119 122 46 70 {'Female'} 68 {'Good' } false 142 121 33 88 {'Female'} 64 {'Good' } true 142 130 40 82 {'Male' } 68 {'Good' } false 180 115
Generate 10 new features from the variables in Tbl
. Specify the Systolic
variable as the response. By default, genrfeatures
assumes that the new features will be used to train a linear regression model.
rng("default") % For reproducibility [T,NewTbl] = genrfeatures(Tbl,"Systolic",10)
T = FeatureTransformer with properties: Type: 'regression' TargetLearner: 'linear' NumEngineeredFeatures: 10 NumOriginalFeatures: 0 TotalNumFeatures: 10
NewTbl=100×11 table
zsc(d(Smoker)) q8(Age) eb8(Age) zsc(sin(Height)) zsc(kmd8) q6(Height) eb8(Diastolic) q8(Diastolic) zsc(fenc(c(SelfAssessedHealthStatus))) q10(Weight) Systolic
______________ _______ ________ ________________ _________ __________ ______________ _____________ ______________________________________ ___________ ________
1.3863 4 5 1.1483 -0.56842 6 8 8 0.27312 7 124
-0.71414 6 6 -0.3877 -2.0772 5 2 2 -1.4682 6 109
-0.71414 4 5 1.1036 -0.21519 2 4 5 0.82302 3 125
-0.71414 5 6 -1.4552 -0.32389 4 2 2 -1.4682 4 117
-0.71414 8 8 1.1036 1.2302 2 3 4 0.82302 1 122
-0.71414 7 7 -1.5163 -0.88497 4 1 1 0.82302 5 121
1.3863 3 3 1.1036 -1.1434 2 6 6 0.82302 5 130
-0.71414 5 6 -1.5163 -0.3907 4 4 5 0.82302 8 115
-0.71414 1 2 -1.5163 0.4278 4 3 3 0.27312 9 115
-0.71414 2 3 -0.26055 -0.092621 3 5 6 0.27312 3 118
-0.71414 7 7 -1.5163 0.16737 4 2 2 0.27312 2 114
-0.71414 6 6 -0.26055 -0.32104 3 1 1 -1.8348 5 115
-0.71414 1 1 1.1483 -0.051074 6 1 1 -1.8348 7 127
1.3863 5 5 0.14351 2.3695 6 8 8 0.27312 10 130
-0.71414 3 4 0.96929 0.092962 2 3 4 0.82302 3 114
1.3863 8 8 1.1483 -0.049336 6 7 8 0.82302 8 130
⋮
T
is a FeatureTransformer
object that can be used to transform new data, and newTbl
contains the new features generated from the Tbl
data.
To better understand the generated features, use the describe
object function of the FeatureTransformer
object. For example, inspect the first two generated features.
describe(T,1:2)
Type IsOriginal InputVariables Transformations ___________ __________ ______________ ___________________________________________________________ zsc(d(Smoker)) Numeric false Smoker Variable of type double converted from an integer data type Standardization with z-score (mean = 0.34, std = 0.4761) q8(Age) Categorical false Age Equiprobable binning (number of bins = 8)
The first feature in newTbl
is a numeric variable, created by first converting the values of the Smoker
variable to a numeric variable of type double
and then transforming the results to z-scores. The second feature in newTbl
is a categorical variable, created by binning the values of the Age
variable into 8 equiprobable bins.
Use the generated features to fit a linear regression model without any regularization.
Mdl = fitrlinear(NewTbl,"Systolic",Lambda=0);
Plot the coefficients of the predictors used to train Mdl
. Note that fitrlinear
expands categorical predictors before fitting a model.
p = length(Mdl.Beta); [sortedCoefs,expandedIndex] = sort(Mdl.Beta,ComparisonMethod="abs"); sortedExpandedPreds = Mdl.ExpandedPredictorNames(expandedIndex); bar(sortedCoefs,Horizontal="on") yticks(1:2:p) yticklabels(sortedExpandedPreds(1:2:end)) xlabel("Coefficient") ylabel("Expanded Predictors") title("Coefficients for Expanded Predictors")
Identify the predictors whose coefficients have larger absolute values.
bigCoefs = abs(sortedCoefs) >= 4; flip(sortedExpandedPreds(bigCoefs))
ans = 1x6 cell
{'eb8(Diastolic) >= 5'} {'zsc(d(Smoker))'} {'q8(Age) >= 2'} {'q10(Weight) >= 9'} {'q6(Height) >= 5'} {'eb8(Diastolic) >= 6'}
You can use partial dependence plots to analyze the categorical features whose levels have large coefficients in terms of absolute value. For example, inspect the partial dependence plot for the eb8(Diastolic)
variable, whose levels eb8(Diastolic) >= 5
and eb8(Diastolic) >= 6
have coefficients with large absolute values. These two levels correspond to noticeable changes in the predicted Systolic
values.
plotPartialDependence(Mdl,"eb8(Diastolic)",NewTbl);
Improve Performance for Interpretable Linear Model
Generate new features to improve the predictive performance of an interpretable linear regression model. Compare the test set performance of a linear model trained on the original data to the test set performance of a linear model trained on the transformed features.
Load the carbig
data set, which contains measurements of cars made in the 1970s and early 1980s.
load carbig
Convert the Origin
variable to a categorical variable. Then create a table containing the predictor variables Acceleration
, Displacement
, and so on, as well as the response variable MPG
. Each row contains the measurements for a single car. Remove rows that have missing values.
Origin = categorical(cellstr(Origin));
cars = table(Acceleration,Displacement,Horsepower, ...
Model_Year,Origin,Weight,MPG);
Tbl = rmmissing(cars);
Partition the data into training and test sets. Use approximately 70% of the observations as training data, and 30% of the observations as test data. Partition the data using cvpartition
.
rng("default") % For reproducibility of the partition c = cvpartition(size(Tbl,1),Holdout=0.3); trainIdx = training(c); trainTbl = Tbl(trainIdx,:); testIdx = test(c); testTbl = Tbl(testIdx,:);
Use the training data to generate 45 new features. Inspect the returned FeatureTransformer
object.
[T,newTrainTbl] = genrfeatures(trainTbl,"MPG",45);
T
T = FeatureTransformer with properties: Type: 'regression' TargetLearner: 'linear' NumEngineeredFeatures: 43 NumOriginalFeatures: 2 TotalNumFeatures: 45
Note that T.NumOriginalFeatures
is 2
, which means the function keeps two of the original predictors.
Apply the transformations stored in the object T
to the test data.
newTestTbl = transform(T,testTbl);
Compare the test set performances of a linear model trained on the original features and a linear model trained on the new features.
Train a linear regression model using the original training set trainTbl
, and compute the mean squared error (MSE) of the model on the original test set testTbl
. Then, train a linear regression model using the transformed training set newTrainTbl
, and compute the MSE of the model on the transformed test set newTestTbl
.
originalMdl = fitrlinear(trainTbl,"MPG"); originalTestMSE = loss(originalMdl,testTbl,"MPG")
originalTestMSE = 65.9916
newMdl = fitrlinear(newTrainTbl,"MPG"); newTestMSE = loss(newMdl,newTestTbl,"MPG")
newTestMSE = 12.3010
newTestMSE
is less than originalTestMSE
, which suggests that the linear model trained on the transformed data performs better than the linear model trained on the original data.
Compare the predicted test set response values to the true response values for both models. Plot the predicted miles per gallon (MPG) along the vertical axis and the true MPG along the horizontal axis. Points on the reference line indicate correct predictions. A good model produces predictions that are scattered near the line.
predictedTestY = predict(originalMdl,testTbl); newPredictedTestY = predict(newMdl,newTestTbl); plot(testTbl.MPG,predictedTestY,".") hold on plot(testTbl.MPG,newPredictedTestY,".") hold on plot(testTbl.MPG,testTbl.MPG) hold off xlabel("True Miles Per Gallon (MPG)") ylabel("Predicted Miles Per Gallon (MPG)") legend(["Original Model Results","New Model Results","Reference Line"])
Generate New Features to Improve Bagged Ensemble Performance
Use genrfeatures
to engineer new features before training a bagged ensemble regression model. Before making predictions on new data, apply the same feature transformations to the new data set. Compare the test set performance of the ensemble that uses the engineered features to the test set performance of the ensemble that uses the original features.
Read power outage data into the workspace as a table. Remove observations with missing values, and display the first few rows of the table.
outages = readtable("outages.csv");
Tbl = rmmissing(outages);
head(Tbl)
Region OutageTime Loss Customers RestorationTime Cause _____________ ________________ ______ __________ ________________ ___________________ {'SouthWest'} 2002-02-01 12:18 458.98 1.8202e+06 2002-02-07 16:50 {'winter storm' } {'SouthEast'} 2003-02-07 21:15 289.4 1.4294e+05 2003-02-17 08:14 {'winter storm' } {'West' } 2004-04-06 05:44 434.81 3.4037e+05 2004-04-06 06:10 {'equipment fault'} {'MidWest' } 2002-03-16 06:18 186.44 2.1275e+05 2002-03-18 23:23 {'severe storm' } {'West' } 2003-06-18 02:49 0 0 2003-06-18 10:54 {'attack' } {'NorthEast'} 2003-07-16 16:23 239.93 49434 2003-07-17 01:12 {'fire' } {'MidWest' } 2004-09-27 11:09 286.72 66104 2004-09-27 16:37 {'equipment fault'} {'SouthEast'} 2004-09-05 17:48 73.387 36073 2004-09-05 20:46 {'equipment fault'}
Some of the variables, such as OutageTime
and RestorationTime
, have data types that are not supported by regression model training functions like fitrensemble
.
Partition the data into training and test sets. Use approximately 70% of the observations as training data, and 30% of the observations as test data. Partition the data using cvpartition
.
rng("default") % For reproducibility of the partition c = cvpartition(size(Tbl,1),Holdout=0.30); TrainTbl = Tbl(training(c),:); TestTbl = Tbl(test(c),:);
Use the training data to generate 30 new features to fit a bagged ensemble. By default, the 30 features include original features that can be used as predictors by a bagged ensemble.
[Transformer,NewTrainTbl] = genrfeatures(TrainTbl,"Loss",30, ... TargetLearner="bag"); Transformer
Transformer = FeatureTransformer with properties: Type: 'regression' TargetLearner: 'bag' NumEngineeredFeatures: 27 NumOriginalFeatures: 3 TotalNumFeatures: 30
Create NewTestTbl
by applying the transformations stored in the object Transformer
to the test data.
NewTestTbl = transform(Transformer,TestTbl);
Train a bagged ensemble using the original training set TrainTbl
, and compute the mean squared error (MSE) of the model on the original test set TestTbl
. Specify only the three predictor variables that can be used by fitrensemble
(Region
, Customers
, and Cause
), and omit the two datetime
predictor variables (OutageTime
and RestorationTime
). Then, train a bagged ensemble using the transformed training set NewTrainTbl
, and compute the MSE of the model on the transformed test set NewTestTbl
.
originalMdl = fitrensemble(TrainTbl,"Loss ~ Region + Customers + Cause", ... Method="bag"); originalTestMSE = loss(originalMdl,TestTbl)
originalTestMSE = 1.8999e+06
newMdl = fitrensemble(NewTrainTbl,"Loss",Method="bag"); newTestMSE = loss(newMdl,NewTestTbl)
newTestMSE = 1.8617e+06
newTestMSE
is less than originalTestMSE
, which suggests that the bagged ensemble trained on the transformed data performs slightly better than the bagged ensemble trained on the original data.
Compare the predicted test set response values to the true response values for both models. Plot the log of the predicted response along the vertical axis and the log of the true response (Loss
) along the horizontal axis. Points on the reference line indicate correct predictions. A good model produces predictions that are scattered near the line.
predictedTestY = predict(originalMdl,TestTbl); newPredictedTestY = predict(newMdl,NewTestTbl); plot(log(TestTbl.Loss),log(predictedTestY),".") hold on plot(log(TestTbl.Loss),log(newPredictedTestY),".") hold on plot(log(TestTbl.Loss),log(TestTbl.Loss)) hold off xlabel("log(True Response)") ylabel("log(Predicted Response)") legend(["Original Model Results","New Model Results","Reference Line"], ... Location="southeast") xlim([-1 10]) ylim([-1 10])
Generate New Features to Train SVM Regression Model
Engineer and inspect new features before training a support vector machine (SVM) regression model with a Gaussian kernel. Then, assess the test set performance of the model.
Load the carbig
data set, which contains measurements of cars made in the 1970s and early 1980s.
load carbig
Create a table containing the numeric predictor variables Acceleration
, Displacement
, and so on, as well as the response variable MPG
. Each row contains the measurements for a single car. Remove rows that have missing values.
cars = table(Acceleration,Displacement,Horsepower, ...
Model_Year,Weight,MPG);
Tbl = rmmissing(cars);
head(Tbl)
Acceleration Displacement Horsepower Model_Year Weight MPG ____________ ____________ __________ __________ ______ ___ 12 307 130 70 3504 18 11.5 350 165 70 3693 15 11 318 150 70 3436 18 12 304 150 70 3433 16 10.5 302 140 70 3449 17 10 429 198 70 4341 15 9 454 220 70 4354 14 8.5 440 215 70 4312 14
Partition the data into training and test sets. Use approximately 75% of the observations as training data, and 25% of the observations as test data. Partition the data using cvpartition
.
rng("default") % For reproducibility of the partition n = length(Tbl.MPG); c = cvpartition(n,Holdout=0.25); trainTbl = Tbl(training(c),:); testTbl = Tbl(test(c),:);
Use the training data to generate 25 features to fit an SVM regression model with a Gaussian kernel. By default, the 25 features include original features that can be used as predictors by an SVM regression model. Additionally, genrfeatures
uses neighborhood component analysis (NCA) to reduce the set of engineered features to the most important predictors. You can use the NCA feature selection method only when the target learner is "gaussian-svm"
.
[Transformer,newTrainTbl] = genrfeatures(trainTbl,"MPG",25, ... TargetLearner="gaussian-svm")
Transformer = FeatureTransformer with properties: Type: 'regression' TargetLearner: 'gaussian-svm' NumEngineeredFeatures: 20 NumOriginalFeatures: 5 TotalNumFeatures: 25
newTrainTbl=294×26 table
zsc(Acceleration) zsc(Displacement) zsc(Horsepower) zsc(Model_Year) zsc(Weight) zsc(Acceleration.*Horsepower) zsc(Acceleration-Model_Year) zsc(sin(Displacement)) zsc(sin(Horsepower)) zsc(sin(Model_Year)) zsc(sin(Weight)) zsc(cos(Acceleration)) zsc(cos(Displacement)) zsc(cos(Model_Year)) zsc(cos(Weight)) q12(Acceleration) q12(Displacement) q12(Horsepower) q6(Model_Year) q19(Weight) eb12(Acceleration) eb7(Displacement) eb9(Horsepower) eb6(Model_Year) eb7(Weight) MPG
_________________ _________________ _______________ _______________ ___________ _____________________________ ____________________________ ______________________ ____________________ ____________________ ________________ ______________________ ______________________ ____________________ ________________ _________________ _________________ _______________ ______________ ___________ __________________ _________________ _______________ _______________ ___________ ___
-1.2878 1.0999 0.67715 -1.6278 0.6473 0.046384 0.58974 -0.95649 -1.3699 1.1059 -1.2446 1.2301 1.0834 0.88679 -0.63765 2 10 10 1 14 3 6 5 1 5 18
-1.4652 1.5106 1.5694 -1.6278 0.87016 0.88366 0.46488 -1.2198 1.3794 1.1059 -1.379 0.72852 -0.27316 0.88679 0.063193 1 11 11 1 15 2 7 7 1 5 15
-1.6425 1.2049 1.187 -1.6278 0.56711 0.26966 0.34001 -0.78431 -1.063 1.1059 -1.0814 0.062328 -0.98059 0.88679 0.86743 1 11 11 1 14 2 6 6 1 4 18
-1.8198 1.0521 0.93209 -1.6278 0.58244 -0.17689 0.21515 0.65123 1.3543 1.1059 -0.61728 -0.60537 1.4918 0.88679 1.2572 1 10 10 1 14 1 6 6 1 4 17
-1.9971 2.2653 2.4107 -1.6278 1.6343 1.0883 0.090291 1.4649 -0.157 1.1059 -0.86513 -1.1111 -0.10886 0.88679 1.0923 1 12 12 1 18 1 7 8 1 6 15
-2.3517 2.5041 2.9716 -1.6278 1.6496 1.0883 -0.15943 1.4843 0.08254 1.1059 -0.329 -1.2114 0.084822 0.88679 1.368 1 12 12 1 18 1 7 9 1 6 14
-2.529 2.3704 2.8441 -1.6278 1.6001 0.71 -0.28429 0.34762 1.3544 1.1059 1.3872 -0.78132 1.5888 0.88679 -0.2533 1 12 12 1 18 1 7 9 1 6 14
-2.529 1.8927 2.2068 -1.6278 1.0553 0.18283 -0.28429 0.69577 1.3794 1.1059 -1.381 -0.78132 1.4703 0.88679 -0.050724 1 12 12 1 16 1 7 8 1 5 15
-1.9971 1.8259 1.6969 -1.6278 0.71687 0.3937 0.090291 -0.26965 0.45082 1.1059 0.59822 -1.1111 1.5569 0.88679 1.279 1 12 12 1 15 1 7 7 1 5 15
-2.7063 1.4151 1.442 -1.6278 0.77111 -0.64825 -0.40916 1.0025 0.26939 1.1059 0.89932 -0.14624 1.2589 0.88679 -1.1233 1 11 11 1 15 1 6 7 1 5 14
-1.9971 2.5137 3.0991 -1.6278 0.1544 1.7582 0.090291 0.80367 -1.3699 1.1059 1.1507 -1.1111 -1.1229 0.88679 0.80592 1 12 12 1 12 1 7 9 1 4 14
-0.22399 -0.75341 -0.21514 -1.6278 -0.68753 -0.28853 1.3389 -0.029778 0.93084 1.1059 -0.12343 -1.0007 1.6048 0.88679 -1.4439 6 4 7 1 7 6 2 3 1 2 24
-0.046679 0.058585 -0.21514 -1.6278 -0.14393 -0.17069 1.4638 -0.0054687 0.93084 1.1059 -0.90303 -1.305 -1.3204 0.88679 1.0596 7 8 7 1 10 6 3 3 1 3 22
0.13063 0.077691 -0.47008 -1.6278 -0.43401 -0.44978 1.5886 -1.1016 -0.29461 1.1059 -1.3741 -1.2761 0.85875 0.88679 -0.16461 8 8 5 1 8 7 4 3 1 3 21
1.7264 -0.90626 -1.4643 -1.6278 -1.3207 -1.4843 2.7124 0.62866 1.2425 1.1059 0.43728 -0.054514 -1.2152 0.88679 1.3434 12 3 1 1 1 11 1 1 1 1 26
0.66256 -0.83939 -0.21514 -1.6278 -0.68399 0.30067 1.9632 -0.33972 0.93084 1.1059 -0.049071 0.36145 -1.2471 0.88679 1.4102 10 4 7 1 7 8 2 3 1 2 25
⋮
By default, genrfeatures
standardizes the original features before including them in newTrainTbl
.
Inspect the first three engineered features. Note that the engineered features are stored after the five original features in the Transformer
object. Visualize the engineered features by using a matrix of scatter plots and histograms.
featIndex = 6:8; describe(Transformer,featIndex)
Type IsOriginal InputVariables Transformations _______ __________ ________________________ _______________________________________________________________ zsc(Acceleration.*Horsepower) Numeric false Acceleration, Horsepower Acceleration .* Horsepower Standardization with z-score (mean = 1541.3031, std = 403.0917) zsc(Acceleration-Model_Year) Numeric false Acceleration, Model_Year Acceleration - Model_Year Standardization with z-score (mean = -60.3616, std = 4.0044) zsc(sin(Displacement)) Numeric false Displacement sin( ) Standardization with z-score (mean = -0.075619, std = 0.72413)
plotmatrix(newTrainTbl{:,featIndex})
The plots can help you better understand the engineered features. For example:
The top-left plot is a histogram of the
zsc(Acceleration.*Horsepower)
feature. This feature consists of the standardized element-wise product of the originalAcceleration
andHorsepower
features. The histogram shows thatzsc(Acceleration.*Horsepower)
has a few outlying values greater than 3.The bottom-left plot is a scatter plot that compares the
zsc(Acceleration.*Horsepower)
values (along the x-axis) to thezsc(Horsepower.*Weight)
values (along the y-axis). The scatter plot shows that thezsc(Horsepower.*Weight)
values tend to increase as thezsc(Acceleration.*Horsepower)
values increase. Note that this plot contains the same information as the top-right plot, but with the axes flipped.
Create newTestTbl
by applying the transformations stored in the object Transformer
to the test data.
newTestTbl = transform(Transformer,testTbl);
Train an SVM regression model with a Gaussian kernel using the transformed training set newTrainTbl
. Let the fitrsvm
function find an appropriate scale value for the kernel function. Compute the mean squared error (MSE) of the model on the transformed test set newTestTbl
.
Mdl = fitrsvm(newTrainTbl,"MPG",KernelFunction="gaussian", ... KernelScale="auto"); testMSE = loss(Mdl,newTestTbl,"MPG")
testMSE = 8.3955
Compare the predicted test set response values to the true response values. Plot the predicted miles per gallon (MPG) along the vertical axis and the true MPG along the horizontal axis. Points on the reference line indicate correct predictions. A good model produces predictions that are scattered near the line.
predictedTestY = predict(Mdl,newTestTbl); plot(newTestTbl.MPG,predictedTestY,".") hold on plot(newTestTbl.MPG,newTestTbl.MPG) hold off xlabel("True Miles Per Gallon (MPG)") ylabel("Predicted Miles Per Gallon (MPG)")
The SVM model seems to predict MPG values well.
Compute Cross-Validation Mean Squared Error Using Generated Features
Generate features to train a linear regression model. Compute the cross-validation mean squared error (MSE) of the model by using the crossval
function.
Load the patients
data set, and create a table containing the predictor data.
load patients Tbl = table(Age,Diastolic,Gender,Height,SelfAssessedHealthStatus, ... Smoker,Weight);
Create a random partition for 5-fold cross-validation.
rng("default") % For reproducibility of the partition cvp = cvpartition(size(Tbl,1),KFold=5);
Compute the cross-validation MSE for a linear regression model trained on the original features in Tbl
and the Systolic
response variable.
CVMdl = fitrlinear(Tbl,Systolic,CVPartition=cvp); cvloss = kfoldLoss(CVMdl)
cvloss = 45.2990
Create the custom function myloss
(shown at the end of this example). This function generates 20 features from the training data, and then applies the same training set transformations to the test data. The function then fits a linear regression model to the training data and computes the test set MSE.
Note: If you use the live script file for this example, the myloss
function is already included at the end of the file. Otherwise, you need to create this function at the end of your .m file or add it as a file on the MATLAB® path.
Compute the cross-validation MSE for a linear model trained on features generated from the predictors in Tbl
.
newcvloss = mean(crossval(@myloss,Tbl,Systolic,Partition=cvp))
newcvloss = 26.9963
function testloss = myloss(TrainTbl,trainY,TestTbl,testY) [Transformer,NewTrainTbl] = genrfeatures(TrainTbl,trainY,20); NewTestTbl = transform(Transformer,TestTbl); Mdl = fitrlinear(NewTrainTbl,trainY); testloss = loss(Mdl,NewTestTbl,testY); end
Input Arguments
Tbl
— Original features
table
Original features, specified as a table. Each row of Tbl
corresponds to one observation, and each column corresponds to one predictor variable.
Optionally, Tbl
can contain one additional column for the response
variable. Multicolumn variables and cell arrays other than cell arrays of character
vectors are not allowed, but datetime
, duration
,
and various int
predictor variables are allowed.
If
Tbl
contains the response variable, and you want to create new features from any of the remaining variables inTbl
, then specify the response variable by usingResponseVarName
.If
Tbl
contains the response variable, and you want to create new features from only a subset of the remaining variables inTbl
, then specify a formula by usingformula
.If
Tbl
does not contain the response variable, then specify a response variable by usingY
. The length of the response variable and the number of rows inTbl
must be equal.
Data Types: table
ResponseVarName
— Response variable name
name of variable in Tbl
Response variable name, specified as the name of a variable in
Tbl
.
You must specify ResponseVarName
as a character vector or
string scalar. For example, if the response variable Y
is stored as
Tbl.Y
, then specify it as 'Y'
. Otherwise, the
software treats all columns of Tbl
as predictors, and might create
new features from Y
.
Data Types: char
| string
q
— Number of features
positive integer scalar
Number of features, specified as a positive integer scalar. For example, you can set
q
to approximately 1.5*size(Tbl,2)
, which is
about 1.5 times the number of original features.
Data Types: single
| double
Y
— Response variable
numeric column vector
Response variable, specified as a numeric column vector. Y
and
Tbl
must have the same number of rows.
Data Types: single
| double
formula
— Explanatory model of response variable and subset of predictor variables
character vector | string scalar
Explanatory model of the response variable and a subset of the predictor variables,
specified as a character vector or string scalar in the form
"Y~X1+X2+X3"
. In this form, Y
represents the
response variable, and X1
, X2
, and
X3
represent the predictor variables.
To create new features from only a subset of the predictor variables in
Tbl
, use a formula. If you specify a formula, then the software
does not create new features from any variables in Tbl
that do not
appear in formula
.
The variable names in the formula must be both variable names in Tbl
(Tbl.Properties.VariableNames
) and valid MATLAB® identifiers. You can verify the variable names in Tbl
by
using the isvarname
function. If the variable names
are not valid, then you can convert them by using the matlab.lang.makeValidName
function.
Data Types: char
| string
Name-Value Arguments
Specify optional pairs of arguments as
Name1=Value1,...,NameN=ValueN
, where Name
is
the argument name and Value
is the corresponding value.
Name-value arguments must appear after other arguments, but the order of the
pairs does not matter.
Example: genrfeatures(Tbl,"Response",10,TargetLearner="bag",FeatureSelection="oob")
specifies that the expected learner type is a bagged ensemble regression model and the
method for selecting features is an out-of-bag, predictor importance
technique.
TargetLearner
— Expected learner type
"linear"
(default) | "bag"
| "gaussian-svm"
Expected learner type, specified as "linear"
,
"bag"
, or "gaussian-svm"
. The software creates
and selects new features assuming they will be used to train this type of
model.
Value | Expected Model |
---|---|
"linear" | RegressionLinear — You can create a
model by using the fitrlinear function. |
"bag" | RegressionBaggedEnsemble — You
can create a model by using the fitrensemble function
and specifying Method="Bag" . |
"gaussian-svm" | RegressionSVM (with a Gaussian
kernel) — You can create a model by using the fitrsvm
function and specifying KernelFunction="gaussian" . To
create a model with good predictive performance, specify
KernelScale="auto" . |
Example: TargetLearner="bag"
IncludeInputVariables
— Method for including original features in Tbl
"auto"
(default) | "include"
| "select"
| "omit"
Method for including the original features in Tbl
in the new
table NewTbl
, specified as one of the values in this
table.
Value | Description |
---|---|
"auto" | This value is equivalent to:
|
"include" | The software includes original features that can be used as predictors by the target learner, and excludes features that are:
|
"select" | The software includes original features that are supported by the
target learner and considered to be important by the specified feature
selection method (FeatureSelectionMethod ). |
"omit" | The software omits the original features. |
Note that the software applies the standardization method specified by the
TransformedDataStandardization
name-value argument to original
features included in NewTbl
.
Example: IncludeInputVariables="include"
FeatureSelectionMethod
— Method for selecting new features
"auto"
(default) | "lasso"
| "oob"
| "nca"
| "mrmr"
Method for selecting new features, specified as one of the values in this table.
The software generates many features using various transformations and uses this
method to select the important features to include in
NewTbl
.
Value | Description |
---|---|
"auto" | This value is equivalent to:
|
"lasso" | Lasso regularization — Available when
To perform feature selection, the
software uses |
"oob" | Out-of-bag, predictor importance estimates by permutation —
Available when To perform feature selection, the
software fits a bagged ensemble of trees and uses the |
"nca" | Neighborhood component analysis (NCA) — Available when
To perform feature
selection, the software uses To use
|
"mrmr" | Minimum redundancy maximum relevance (MRMR) — Available when
To perform feature
selection, the software uses |
For more information on different feature selection methods, see Introduction to Feature Selection.
Example: FeatureSelection="mrmr"
TransformedDataStandardization
— Standardization method for transformed data
"auto"
(default) | "zscore"
| "none"
| "mad"
| "range"
Standardization method for the transformed data, specified as one of the values in this table. The software applies this standardization method to both engineered features and original features.
Value | Description |
---|---|
"auto" | This value is equivalent to:
|
"zscore" | Center and scale to have mean 0 and standard deviation 1 |
"none" | Use raw data |
"mad" | Center and scale to have median 0 and median absolute deviation 1 |
"range" | Scale range of data to [0,1] |
Example: TransformedDataStandardization="range"
CategoricalEncodingLimit
— Maximum number of categories allowed in categorical predictor
nonnegative integer scalar | Inf
Maximum number of categories allowed in a categorical predictor, specified as a
nonnegative integer scalar. If a categorical predictor has more than the specified
number of categories, then genrfeatures
does not create new
features from the predictor and excludes the predictor from the new table
NewTbl
. The default value is 50
when
TargetLearner
is "linear"
or
"gaussian-svm"
, and Inf
when
TargetLearner
is "bag"
.
Example: CategoricalEncodingLimit=20
Data Types: single
| double
Output Arguments
Transformer
— Engineered feature transformer
FeatureTransformer
object
Engineered feature transformer, returned as a FeatureTransformer
object. To better understand the engineered features, use
the describe
object function of Transformer
. To apply the same feature
transformations on a new data set, use the transform
object function of Transformer
.
NewTbl
— Generated features
table
Generated features, returned as a table. Each row corresponds to an observation, and
each column corresponds to a generated feature. If the response variable is included in
Tbl
, then NewTbl
also includes the response
variable. Use this table to train a regression model of type
TargetLearner
.
NewTbl
contains generated features in the following order:
original features, engineered features as ranked by the feature selection method, and
the response variable.
Tips
By default, when
TargetLearner
is"linear"
or"gaussian-svm"
, the software generates new features from numeric predictors by using z-scores (seeTransformedDataStandardization
). You can change the type of standardization for the transformed features. However, using some method of standardization, thereby avoiding the"none"
specification, is strongly recommended. Fitting linear and SVM models works best with standardized data.When you generate features to create an SVM model with good predictive performance, specify
KernelScale
as"auto"
in the call tofitrsvm
. This specification allows the software to find an appropriate scale value for the SVM kernel function.
Version History
Introduced in R2021bR2023a: Categorical features with missing values are omitted when TargetLearner
is "linear"
or
"gaussian-svm"
When the TargetLearner
is "linear"
or
"gaussian-svm"
, the genrfeatures
function always
excludes original features that are categorical and include missing values, even when
IncludeInputVariables
is specified as "include"
.
That is, the features are not included in the table of generated features
NewTbl
. Additionally, genrfeatures
does not
generate features from these categorical features with missing values.
To include the original categorical features with missing values in
NewTbl
, you can first remove the observations with missing values
from Tbl
by using the rmmissing
function.
R2023a: Use neighborhood component analysis (NCA) to select features automatically generated from a data set with categorical predictors
Before training an SVM model with a Gaussian kernel, you can engineer new features from
a data set that contains a mix of numeric and categorical predictors, and use neighborhood
component analysis (NCA) as the method for selecting new features
(FeatureSelectionMethod="nca"
). Specify
TargetLearner
as "gaussian-svm"
in the call to
genrfeatures
.
In previous releases, the NCA feature selection method was available for data sets with numeric predictors only.
R2022a: Original features with NaN
or Inf
values are omitted when TargetLearner
is "linear"
or
"gaussian-svm"
When the TargetLearner
is "linear"
or
"gaussian-svm"
, the genrfeatures
function always
excludes original features that include NaN
or Inf
values, even when IncludeInputVariables
is specified as
"include"
. That is, the features are not included in the table of
generated features NewTbl
. Additionally,
genrfeatures
does not generate features from the original features
that include NaN
values.
To include the original features with NaN
values in
NewTbl
, you can first remove the observations with missing values
from Tbl
by using the rmmissing
function.
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