wlanFineCFOEstimate

Perform fine CFO estimation

Syntax

fOffset = wlanFineCFOEstimate(rxSig,cbw)

fOffset = wlanFineCFOEstimate(rxSig,cbw,corrOffset)

fOffset = wlanFineCFOEstimate(___,OversamplingFactor=osf)

Description

fOffset = wlanFineCFOEstimate(rxSig,cbw) performs fine carrier frequency offset (CFO) estimation on received time-domain L-LTF¹ samples rxSig for channel bandwidth cbw. The function can estimate a maximum CFO of 156.25 kHz, or half of the subcarrier spacing.

fOffset = wlanFineCFOEstimate(rxSig,cbw,corrOffset) specifies the correlation offset as a fraction of the L-LTF cyclic prefix.

fOffset = wlanFineCFOEstimate(___,OversamplingFactor=osf) specifies an oversampling factor in addition to any input argument combination from the previous syntaxes. Use this syntax to perform fine CFO estimation on an oversampled signal.

Examples

Fine Estimate of Carrier Frequency Offset

Create non-HT configuration object.

nht = wlanNonHTConfig;

Generate a non-HT waveform.

txSig = wlanWaveformGenerator([1;0;0;1],nht);

Create a phase and frequency offset object and introduce a 2 Hz frequency offset.

pfOffset = comm.PhaseFrequencyOffset('SampleRate',20e6,'FrequencyOffset',2);
rxSig = pfOffset(txSig);

Extract the L-LTF and estimate the frequency offset.

ind = wlanFieldIndices(nht,'L-LTF');
rxlltf = rxSig(ind(1):ind(2),:);
freqOffsetEst = wlanFineCFOEstimate(rxlltf,'CBW20')

freqOffsetEst = 
2.0000

Estimate and Correct CFO for VHT Waveform

Estimate the frequency offset for a VHT signal passing through a noisy, TGac channel. Correct for the frequency offset.

Create a VHT configuration object and create the L-LTF.

vht = wlanVHTConfig;
txltf = wlanLLTF(vht);

Set the sample rate to correspond to the default bandwidth of the VHT configuration object.

fs = 80e6;

Create TGac and thermal noise channel objects. Set the noise figure of the AWGN channel to 10 dB.

tgacChan = wlanTGacChannel('SampleRate',fs, ...
    'ChannelBandwidth',vht.ChannelBandwidth, ...
    'DelayProfile','Model-C','LargeScaleFadingEffect','Pathloss');

noise = comm.ThermalNoise('SampleRate',fs, ...
    'NoiseMethod','Noise figure', ...
    'NoiseFigure',10);

Pass the L-LTF through the noisy TGac channel.

rxltfNoNoise = tgacChan(txltf);
rxltf = noise(rxltfNoNoise);

Create a phase and frequency offset object and introduce a 25 Hz frequency offset.

pfoffset = comm.PhaseFrequencyOffset('SampleRate',fs,'FrequencyOffsetSource','Input port');
rxltf = pfoffset(rxltf,25);

Perform a fine estimate the frequency offset using a correlation offset of 0.6. Your results may differ slightly.

fOffsetEst = wlanFineCFOEstimate(rxltf,vht.ChannelBandwidth,0.6)

fOffsetEst = 
28.0773

Correct for the estimated frequency offset.

rxltfCorr = pfoffset(rxltf,-fOffsetEst);

Estimate the frequency offset of the corrected signal.

fOffsetEstCorr = wlanFineCFOEstimate(rxltfCorr,vht.ChannelBandwidth,0.6)

fOffsetEstCorr = 
-6.8828e-13

The corrected signal has negligible frequency offset.

Two-Step CFO Estimation and Correction

Estimate and correct for a significant carrier frequency offset in two steps. Estimate the frequency offset after all corrections have been made.

Set the channel bandwidth and the corresponding sample rate.

cbw = 'CBW40';
fs = 40e6;

Coarse Frequency Correction

Generate an HT format configuration object.

cfg = wlanHTConfig('ChannelBandwidth',cbw);

Generate the transmit waveform.

txSig = wlanWaveformGenerator([1;0;0;1],cfg);

Create TGn and thermal noise channel objects. Set the noise figure of the receiver to 9 dB.

tgnChan = wlanTGnChannel('SampleRate',fs,'DelayProfile','Model-D', ...
    'LargeScaleFadingEffect','Pathloss and shadowing');
noise = comm.ThermalNoise('SampleRate',fs, ...
    'NoiseMethod','Noise figure', ...
    'NoiseFigure',9);

Pass the waveform through the TGn channel and add noise.

rxSigNoNoise = tgnChan(txSig);
rxSig = noise(rxSigNoNoise);

Create a phase and frequency offset object to introduce a carrier frequency offset. Introduce a 2 kHz frequency offset.

pfOffset = comm.PhaseFrequencyOffset('SampleRate',fs,'FrequencyOffsetSource','Input port');
rxSig = pfOffset(rxSig,2e3);

Extract the L-STF signal for coarse frequency offset estimation.

istf = wlanFieldIndices(cfg,'L-STF');
rxstf = rxSig(istf(1):istf(2),:);

Perform a coarse estimate of the frequency offset. Your results may differ.

foffset1 = wlanCoarseCFOEstimate(rxstf,cbw)

foffset1 = 
2.0221e+03

Correct for the estimated offset.

rxSigCorr1 = pfOffset(rxSig,-foffset1);

Fine Frequency Correction

Extract the L-LTF signal for fine offset estimation.

iltf = wlanFieldIndices(cfg,'L-LTF');
rxltf1 = rxSigCorr1(iltf(1):iltf(2),:);

Perform a fine estimate of the corrected signal.

foffset2 = wlanFineCFOEstimate(rxltf1,cbw)

foffset2 = 
-11.0795

The corrected signal offset is reduced from 2000 Hz to approximately 7 Hz.

Correct for the remaining offset.

rxSigCorr2 = pfOffset(rxSigCorr1,-foffset2);

Determine the frequency offset of the twice corrected signal.

rxltf2 = rxSigCorr2(iltf(1):iltf(2),:);
deltaFreq = wlanFineCFOEstimate(rxltf2,cbw)

deltaFreq = 
-1.9722e-11

The CFO is zero.

Input Arguments

rxSig — Received L-LTF samples

complex-valued matrix

Received L-LTF samples, specified as a complex-valued matrix of size N_S-by-N_R. N_S is the number of samples in the L-LTF and N_R is the number of receive antennas.

Note

If the number of samples in this input is greater than the number of samples in the L-LTF, the function estimates the CFO by using only the first N_S samples.

Data Types: single | double
Complex Number Support: Yes

cbw — Channel bandwidth

'CBW5' | 'CBW10' | 'CBW20' | 'CBW40' | 'CBW80' | 'CBW160' | 'CBW320'

Channel bandwidth, specified as one of these values.

• 'CBW5' — Channel bandwidth of 5 MHz

• 'CBW10' — Channel bandwidth of 10 MHz

• 'CBW20' — Channel bandwidth of 20 MHz

• 'CBW40' — Channel bandwidth of 40 MHz

• 'CBW80' — Channel bandwidth of 80 MHz

• 'CBW160' — Channel bandwidth of 160 MHz

• 'CBW320' — Channel bandwidth of 320 MHz

Data Types: char | string

corrOffset — Correlation offset

0.75 (default) | scalar in the interval [0, 1]

Correlation offset as a fraction of the L-LTF cyclic prefix, specified as a scalar in the interval [0, 1]. The duration of the long training symbol varies with bandwidth. For more information, see L-LTF.

Data Types: single | double

osf — Oversampling factor

1 (default) | scalar greater than or equal to 1

Oversampling factor, specified as a scalar greater than or equal to 1. The oversampled cyclic prefix length must be an integer number of samples.

Data Types: single | double | int8 | int16 | int32 | int64 | uint8 | uint16 | uint32 | uint64

Output Arguments

fOffset — Frequency offset

real-valued scalar

Frequency offset, in Hz, returned as a real-valued scalar. The function can estimate a maximum CFO of 156.25 kHz, or half of the subcarrier spacing.

Data Types: double

More About

L-LTF

The L-LTF is the second field in the 802.11™ OFDM PLCP legacy preamble. The L-LTF is a component of EHT, HE, VHT, HT, and non-HT PPDUs.

Channel estimation, fine frequency offset estimation, and fine symbol timing offset estimation rely on the L-LTF.

The L-LTF is composed of a cyclic prefix (CP) followed by two identical long training symbols (C1 and C2). The CP consists of the second half of the long training symbol.

The L-LTF duration varies with channel bandwidth.

Channel Bandwidth (MHz)	Subcarrier Frequency Spacing ΔF (kHz)	Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) Period (TFFT = 1 / ΔF)	Cyclic Prefix or Training Symbol Guard Interval (GI2) Duration (TGI2 = TFFT / 2)	L-LTF Duration (TLONG = TGI2 + 2 × TFFT)
20, 40, 80, 160, and 320	312.5	3.2 μs	1.6 μs	8 μs
10	156.25	6.4 μs	3.2 μs	16 μs
5	78.125	12.8 μs	6.4 μs	32 μs

FFT-Based Oversampling

An oversampled signal is a signal sampled at a frequency that is higher than the Nyquist rate. WLAN signals maximize occupied bandwidth by using small guardbands, which can pose problems for anti-imaging and anti-aliasing filters. Oversampling increases the guardband width relative to the total signal bandwidth, which increases the number of samples in the signal.

This diagram shows the oversampling process for an OFDM waveform with N_FFT subcarriers made up of N_g guardband subcarriers on either side of N_st occupied bandwidth subcarriers.

References

[1] IEEE Std 802.11™-2016 (Revision of IEEE Std 802.11-2012). “Part 11: Wireless LAN Medium Access Control (MAC) and Physical Layer (PHY) Specifications.” IEEE Standard for Information technology — Telecommunications and information exchange between systems — Local and metropolitan area networks — Specific requirements.

[2] Li, Jian. “Carrier Frequency Offset Estimation for OFDM-Based WLANs.” IEEE Signal Processing Letters. Vol. 8, Issue 3, Mar 2001, pp. 80–82.

[3] Moose, P. H. “A technique for orthogonal frequency division multiplexing frequency offset correction.” IEEE Transactions on Communications. Vol. 42, Issue 10, Oct 1994, pp. 2908–2914.

[4] Perahia, E., and R. Stacey. Next Generation Wireless LANs: 802.11n and 802.11ac. 2nd Edition. United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press, 2013.

Extended Capabilities

C/C++ Code Generation
Generate C and C++ code using MATLAB® Coder™.

Version History

Introduced in R2015b

R2024b: Process oversampled waveforms

This function now supports processing oversampled waveforms. To use this feature, specify the osf argument as a scalar greater than 1.