The rule of mixtures is used in the mechanical design of composite structures to estimate the elastic modulus (Ec) based on the following properties:

  • Ef: elastic modulus of the fiber material
  • Em: elastic modulus of the matrix material
  • ff or fm: volume fraction of the fiber or matrix material (ff = 1 – fm)

Based on these values, the upper-bound (linear) estimate of elastic modulus is calculated by:

Ec = ff * Ef + (1 – ff) * Em.

Write a function to calculate this bound for various values.

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Last Solution submitted on May 25, 2026

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